Cilt:27 Sayı:03 (2021)

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Determination of the Seedling Reactions of Some Turkish Bread and Durum Wheat Cultivars to Stem Rust Races TTTTF, RTTTC and RTTTF
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) Akci, Nülifer; Karakaya, Aziz; Ziraat Fakültesi
Seedling resistance of 46 bread wheat and 14 durum wheat cultivars grown commonly in Turkey to stem rust races TTTTF, RTTTC, and RTTTF, the most common races in the Kastamonu region of Turkey, was determined under greenhouse conditions. Bread wheat cultivars Tahirova 2000, Yıldırım, Alpu 2001, Canik 2003 and Basri Bey 95 were found to be resistant to three stem rust races. Durum wheat cultivars Sarı Çanak 98 and Fırat 93 were resistant to stem rust race TTTTF. Durum wheat cultivars Eminbey, Altıntaş 95, Zühre and Sarı Çanak 98 were resistant to stem rust race RTTTC whereas durum wheat cultivars Eminbey, Altıntaş 95, İmren, Yelken 2000 and Zühre exhibited resistant reaction to stem rust race RTTTF. The majority of the wheat cultivars tested showed susceptible reactions to these stem rust races.
Effect of Adding Different Boron Sources to Diets Containing Low Calcium and Phosphorus on Some Bone Parameters of Weaned Akkaraman Lambs
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) Sarıçiçek, Zehra; Yıldırım, Birgül; Ziraat Fakültesi
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of addition of different boron sources (ulexide, colemanite, etibor-48) to diet containing low Ca, P on bone parameters and bone strength in weaned lambs. 50 Akkaraman single male lambs weaned at 2.5 months of age were used. Lambs were divided into 5 groups. Groups were; positive control, negative control, supplementation with colemanite, supplementation with etibor-48, supplementation with ulexide. Roughage and concentrated feed was given twice in day. At the end of 90 days, 6 animals from each group were slaughtered. The weight, dry weight, length, width and ash levels of the femoral and tibial bones were significantly increased in added boron (B) sources groups compared to negative control. With the supplementation of the colemanite and ulexide to diets, the femoral and tibial Ca content was higher compared to negative control. The P content in the femoral bone increased in groups added of all boron sources than that in negative control, also in tibial P content in the colemanite and ulexide groups increased compared to negative control. The supplementation of all B sources had improved B levels and breaking strength of bones compared to controls.
Effect of Different Levels of Direct-fed Microbials Plus Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzymes Additives on the Growth Traits of Dairy Calves
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) İlhan, Elifnur Hirik; Yanar, Mete; Ziraat Fakültesi
The study was carried out to investigate to determine effects of the different levels of the direct-fed microbials (DFM) plus exogenous feed enzymes (EFE) on the body weights, weight gains, feed efficiency ratio, some behavioral traits as well as fecal consistency index of male Brown Swiss calves. For this purpose, 18 male Brown Swiss calves were allocated to three groups (control, 10 g and 20 g head/day of DFM plus EFE). Weights obtained at weaning time and 6 months of age of the calves in 10 g head/day of DFM plus EFE group were respectively 7.3% and 7.1% heavier than these of animals in control group. The calves in 10 g head/day of DFM plus EFE group in pre-weaning and between birth and 6 months of age periods also had respectively 16.0% and 7.3% higher total weight gains than calves in the control group. Feed efficiency ratio of the calves fed diets with 10 g DFM plus EFE had 64.2% better than that of calves in control group. Average fecal consistency score of the calves fed a diet supplemented with 10 g head/day of DFM plus EFE had the lowest score (P<0.05) (i.e., less scouring) compared to other treatment groups in pre-weaning period as well as between birth and 6 months of age. Furthermore, behavioral activities of the calves were not significantly influenced by DFM plus EFE additives except for the percentage of time spent for lying. The study revealed that the feeding of DFM plus EFE to male Brown Swiss calves until 6 months of age had positive but not statistically significant improvement on the growth traits and feed efficiency ratio. On the other hand, it was concluded that the level of 10 g head/day of the DFM plus EFE additives could be beneficial for reducing incidence of diarrhea in the dairy calves.
Effect of Heritability, Genetic Advance and Correlation on Yield Contributing Traits in Upland Cotton
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) ISHAQ, Muhammad; HASSAN, Ali; MUNİR, Sana; Ziraat Fakültesi
This research was planned to study the heritability (broad sense), correlation, genetic advance and behavior of different characters in segregating population of upland cotton. The material consists of segregating population of fourteen crosses along with their seven parents. Parental varieties and segregating population show significant difference for all traits under the study. Plant height, ginning out turn (GOT), bolls per plant and yield per plant showed heritability ranging from 78.9 to 27.3. Significant genotypic correlation of yield with plant height was 0.698, bolls per plant was 0.930, GOT was 0.692, fiber strength was 0.548 and with fiber fineness was 0.435. Phenotypic correlation of yield per plant with plant height was 0.520, boll per plant was 0.894 and GOT was 0.476. It can be suggested that plant height, GOT and bolls per plant are important yield contributing traits as they are positively correlated with seed cotton yield per plant. High value for bolls per plant, GOT and yield per plant was recorded in BH-167 × V4 and CIM-534 × V4, which can be utilized in future breeding program.
Effect on Yield and Some Quality Characteristics of Seed Harvest at Different Stages of Maturity in Nigella sativa L.
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) Kara, Nimet; Gürbüzer, Gökhan; Bıyıklı, Muhammed; Baydar, Hasan; Ziraat Fakültesi
Nigella sativa L. is a significant medicinal and aromatic plant due to the usage of both its seed and fixed oil. The aim of the study is to investigate the effects on seed yield, various yield components, fixed and essential oil content, and chemical composition (2018 year) of black cumin when harvesting the seed at four different stages of maturity. These stages were 25% (SH1), 50% (SH2), 75% (SH3) and 100% (SH4) browning of capsules. Two-year field experiments (2017 and 2018) were set up according to a randomized complete block design with triplicate, using a black cumin population obtained from the Burdur province under Isparta ecological conditions.Significant statistical differences were found among the harvest stages in regards to the seed yield, plant height and the thousand-seed weight, while no differences were found in the numbers of capsules and branches, essential oil and fixed oil contents in both experimental years. Seed yield and its components increased during the harvest stage up to SH3, while essential oil and fixed oil contents decreased insignificantly from SH1 to SH4 in both years. According to the combined years; plant height, the number of capsules, the number of branches, the 1000 seed weight, seed yields, essential oil and fixed oil contents varied between 38.3-42.5 cm, 6.03-6.85 capsule plant-1, 6.50-6.91 branches plant-1, 2.30-2.57 g, 307.3-542.3 kg ha-1, 0.087-0.101% and 31.14-32.69%, respectively. The main components of black cumin essential oil were characterized by cymol (25.01-26.90%), thymoquinone (2.39-4.41%), carvacrol (10.12-10.41%), junipene (5.33-6.66%), Δ-3-carene (5.55-8.71%), β-pinene (2.98-3.65), trans-sabinene hydrate (8.02-11.93%) and α-thujene (7.82-9.42%) according to harvest stages in the 2018 season. Considering the present results, SH3 stage was advised because of its higher seed yield. The contents of essential oil composition of black cumin varied according to harvest stages.
Effects of Different Irrigation Levels on Fruit Yield and Quality of Valencia Late Orange Under Northern Cyprus Conditions
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) Aydınşakir, Köksal; Uluca, Ertan; Dinç, Nazmi; Küçükcoşkun, Şule; Ziraat Fakültesi
This study was carried out to define different drip irrigation approaches on fruit yield and quality parameters of orange (Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia Late) trees during 2014-2016 at the private farm in Güzelyurt, Northern Cyprus. The amount of irrigation water was applied based on the total evaporation amount obtained from the Class A pan (Kcp1:1.25, Kcp2:1.00, Kcp3:0.75 and Kcp4:0.50) and experimental plots were irrigated when the total evaporation of Class A pan was about 35 ± 5 mm. It was determined that irrigation treatments affect yield, weight, length, width and juice of fruit, total soluble sugar, total acidity, pH and vitamin C content except for peel thickness. The average evapotranspiration values were 1343.5 mm for Kcp1, 1135.0 mm for Kcp2, 956.0 mm for Kcp3, and 787.3 mm for Kcp4 irrigation treatments. According to the average data of 2 years, yearly yield for Kcp1, Kcp2, Kcp3, and Kcp4 irrigation levels were 45.0, 47.1, 38.7, and 19.2 t ha-1, respectively. It is determined that Valencia Late can be irrigated by means of the volume of irrigation equivalent to 75% of Class A Pan in Güzelyurt region in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
Effects of Honey Bee Race and Season on Propolis Composition
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Keskin, Merve; Birinci, Ceren; Birinci, Esra; Kolaylı, Sevgi; Ziraat Fakültesi
Honey bees collect the main material of propolis from the buds, leaves, branches, and barks or other botanical sources and mixed that resinous material with beeswax produced from abdominal exocrine glands, mandibular gland secretions, and pollen to produce propolis. The composition of propolis changes depends on multiple factors such as honey bee races, geographical locations, phytogeography, harvesting seasons, extraction methods and solvents. In this study, two different studies were conducted in two different locations in order to reveal the effect of race and season variables on the composition and antioxidant value of propolis. The effect of race factor was studied on three different honey bee races (Apis mellifera caucasica, Apis mellifera syriaca and Apis mellifera carnica) and two different ecotypes (Muğla ecotype and Yığılca ecotype) to investigate the effects of race factor on propolis composition in Central Anatolia by under the controlled conditions. The effect of seasonal change was determined by Yığılca ecotype of A. melifera anatoliaca in the apiary located in Yığılca, Düzce location. Studied samples were harvested by propolis trap between May and October. Total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity and chemical profiles of propolis samples were determined using HPLC-UV. The obtained results showed that honey bee race and season have an effect on the antioxidant capacity and chemical composition of propolis.
Evaluation of Some Operational Parameters of a Vacuum Single-Seed Planter in Maize Sowing
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) Kuş, Emrah; Ziraat Fakültesi
The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of a vacuum single-seed planter in field conditions to optimize some operating parameters in maize production. Three forward speed of the tractor (4.0, 5.4 and 7.9 km h-1) and five target seed spacing (102, 147, 195, 247 and 309 mm) were evaluated by examining the mean seed spacing, coefficient of precision in spacing, miss index, multiple index, quality of feed index, sowing depth, deviation from the row (inter-row spacing), mean emergence time, emergence rate index and percentage emergence. The point dropped in a furrow of seed, depth of seed placement, emergence rate and three indices of uniformity in seed spacing and precision coefficients of sowing quality were determined. The planter performed the best performance at the lowest forward speed and the highest target seed spacing. However, the deviation of seeds from the intended point in intra-row spacing was significantly affected only by the forward speed (P<0.001). Improvement in the larger seed spacing was due to the lower variation. Increasing the forward speed resulted in a shallower sowing depth. The desired planting depth was also obtained at 4.0 km h-1 in all plots. Increasing target seed spacing increased the emergence percent by about 35% while increasing forward speed decreased the emergence percent by 10%. Sowing at 4.0 km h-1 resulted in the lowest miss, multiple and precision indices (5.1% 2.9%, and 15.3%, respectively), and a quality of feed index as high as 92% was obtained in similar conditions. The results indicated that, with single-seed planters, success may be achieved in a conventional tillage maize production system at a target seed spacing of more than 102 mm and tractor forward speeds of less than 7.9 km h-1, and thus satisfying farmers who carry out maize sowing by conventional tillage.
GE Interaction and Stability Analysis in Some Basma Type Oriental Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Lines
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) Kurt, Dursun; Yılmaz, Güngör; Kınay, Ahmet; Ziraat Fakültesi
Turkey has long been the leader in oriental tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) production in the world. Standard cultivars are needed to increase the yield and quality of tobacco production. This study aimed to determine the most stable cultivar candidates by evaluating the performances of tobacco genotypes grown in different environmental conditions. Field trials were carried out in Bafra district of Samsun Province, the district with most tobacco production in Mid-Black Sea Region, and Evciler, Karayaka and Gümüşhacıköy where the Basma type oriental tobaccos are produced. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with three replications in 2017. The study material consisted of 21 lines selected by morphological characteristics and identified by DNA fingerprinting analysis and four standard cultivars/lines. Chemical analyses were carried out using the HPLC method. The stability of genotypes was determined by regression coefficient (bi), regression constant (a), determination coefficient (r2), coefficient of variation (CV) and deviation from regression (S2d) parameters using the leaf yield, quality grade index, nicotine and sugar content values. The ERB-6, ERB-7, ERB-11, ERB-13, ERB-16, ERB-18, ERB-21 and ERB-30 lines were considered the prominent candidates based on the stability parameters and other traits investigated. Therefore, future studies should be continued using the aforementioned lines. In conclusion, much more detailed studies are needed on hopeful cultivar candidates determined as stable for production areas of the Basma type oriental tobacco.
Impact of Hot Water and Modified Atmosphere Packaging Treatments on the Postharvest Quality of Pomegranate Fruit (Punica granatum cv. ‘Hicaznar’)
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) Özdemir, Ahmet Erhan; Ziraat Fakültesi
Hot water (HW) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) treatments were evaluated to maintain postharvest quality of pomegranate fruit (Punica granatum cv. ‘Hicaznar’). Pomegranates were subjected to hot water (HW) treatment (at 50 °C for 3 min) and packaged with or without MAP bags. Fruit was then kept at 6 °C for 6 months and at 20 °C for 7 days after cold storage period. The untreated and unpackaged fruit was served as a control treatment (C). MAP and HW+MAP treatments was more effective in reducing weight loss, fungal decay and husk scald, compared to HW and C treatments. The lightness and red color intensity of husk and aril (higher values of L* and C* and lower values of h°) were maintained better in the packaged fruit with MAP (MAP + HW+MAP treatments). The unpackaged fruit from HW and C treatments became unmarketable while those from MAP and HW+MAP treatments were still marketable after 6 months of cold storage and shelf life period. Although fungal decay incidence was low in HW-treated fruit, relatively high scald incidence and weight loss had adverse effect on overall visual acceptability of HW-treated fruit. Hot water dipped pomegranate fruit cv. ‘Hicaznar’ (50 °C for 3 min) could be kept in MAP bags for 6 months at 6 °C and for 7 days 20 °C without adverse effect on quality.
Impacts of Covid-19 Pandemic on Global Agriculture, Livelihoods and Food Systems
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) ARUMUGAM, Surendran; ÖZKAN, Burhan; JAYARAMAN, Aravind; MOCKAISAMY, Prahadeeswaran; Ziraat Fakültesi
The COVID-19 pandemic is brutally hitting many countries in the world. Immense consequences on food, health, and livelihoods are dreaded. The agricultural sector is a crucial part of the developing economy and provides livelihood to a large section of the people. Therefore, the disruption in agriculture and food systems will have significant impacts. This paper performs an inclusive assessment of the effect of COVID-19 on agriculture and food systems in the major part of the countries. A detailed discussion on reports, scientific publications, press releases, and organizational statements are reviewed. This review addresses and highlights COVID- 19 direct impacts in the food systems, market access for agricultural commodities, food and nutritional security, labour availability and migration, farm systems restore, inputs and outputs integration, the importance of IT in agriculture and lesson learning from these effects. In addition, this paper suggests coping and mitigation mechanisms that could be useful to improve and sustain livelihoods. Furthermore, this collective review is helpful to investigators, Government organizations, agricultural departments, and policymakers to expedite an effective response against the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Agriculture, Livelihoods, Food system, Covid-19 *:Corresponding authors: suren.tnau@gmail.com bozkan@akdeniz.edu.tr
Increasing of Phenolic Compounds by Brassinosteroid Applications in Immobilized Cell Suspension Cultures of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cinsault
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) Babalık, Zehra; Ziraat Fakültesi
In this paper, the effects on secondary metabolite accumulation of brassinosteroid (BR) (24-epibrassinolide (24-eBL) on immobilized cells that were obtained from Vitis vinifera cv. Cinsault was investigated. 24-eBL was treated to immobilized cells covered calcium alginate beads at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0 mg L-1 for one month. As a result of this study, it was found that 24-eBL applications modified secondary metabolite accumulation and had positive effects on secondary metabolite production when the suitable concentration was used. While the highest total phenolic, catechin, p-coumaric acid and chlorogenic acid contents were found in immobilized cells treated 0.75 mg L-1 24-eBL, the highest epicatechin, quercetin, trans-resveratrol contents were obtained in immobilized cells treated 0.50 mg L-1 24-eBL and the highest gallic acid content was determined in immobilized cells treated 0.25 mg L-1 24-eBL. Moreover, the highest 24-eBL concentration (1 mg L-1) decreased the content of secondary metabolite compared to the control (0 mg L-1 24-eBL) except total phenolic and catechin content. To conclude, 0.50 and 0.75 mg L-1 24-eBL concentrations were the most suitable concentrations for immobilized cell culture to provide the highest secondary metabolite accumulation.
Investigation of tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) by Real-Time TaqMan RT-PCR in Hakkari province, Turkey
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) Akdura, Nevin; Şevik, Murat; Ziraat Fakültesi
Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) belongs to the Nepovirus genus in the family Secoviridae. It has a wide host range and is listed as a quarantine virus in Turkey. In this study, 80 leaf samples were collected from tomato, pepper, cucumber and grapevine cultivation sites located in three different parts of Hakkari province: Şemdinli, Çukurca and Center districts. Real-time TaqMan reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was used for the detection of the virus. Amplification was carried out in reaction mix including QuantiNova Probe RT-PCR kit (Qiagen, Germany) using primers and TaqMan probe based on 3'-UTR (untranslated region) of virus, which amplified a 182 bp product of the genome. ToRSV was detected in 13 of the 80 samples and threshold cycle (CT) values ranged from 23.9 to 37.4. It was found that 16.25% of the samples collected from the districts of Hakkari province were found to be infected with ToRSV whereas no ToRSV was detected in the samples collected from the center of the city. The virus was detected on pepper and cucumber samples in Çukurca district, and it was also detected in tomato, pepper, cucumber and grapevine samples in Şemdinli district. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of molecular detection of ToRSV by real-time TaqMan RT-PCR in Turkey.
Production of Agricultural Biodegradable Mulch and Evaluation it through Heat and Moisture Distribution in Soil
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) SHAHABİ, Mohammad; KHOJASTEHPOUR, Mehdi; SADRNİA, Hassan; Ziraat Fakültesi
The need to increase agricultural production in proportion to population growth and water crisis management requires initiatives that can increase the quantity and quality of crops by using soil moisture storage methods while preserving the environment. According to problem presented, in order to simulate the temperature, humidity and radiation of the farm environment, a control system, along with laboratory facilities were designed and constructed. Then, the production and evaluation of different types of soil mulches from biodegradable and petroleum polymers were performed by aiming investigate the effect of these soil mulches on soil temperature and moisture at different depths. Produced mulches were placed in a laboratory soil bed. The average molecular weight, the gel content and the percentage of elongation at the breakpoint for biodegradable mulches were 4906.56 g mol-1, 4.68% and 4.63%, respectively and the mean values of tensile strength and the percentage of elongation before the ultraviolet aging process were 13.41MPa and 396.71%, respectively. Acceptable values of statistical indicators were calculated with the response surface method. In conclusion of the soil temperature and humidity changes for different types of mulch, the velocity of temperature rise is reduced in deep levels due to the resistance made by soil moisture. The amount of moisture reduction for dark and uncoated mulch by moving from surface to depth was far more when compared to other mulches, and there was no significant change at the depth of transparent mulches.
Rainwater harvesting with polyethylene film covered ridges for pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed production under semiarid conditions
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) Unlukara, Ali; Yetişir, Halit; Cebeci, İlknur; Ziraat Fakültesi
The aim of the study is to evaluate effectiveness of a rainwater harvesting technique with polyethylene film covered ridges (RHCR) on pumpkin seed production under rain-fed conditions in Kayseri/Turkey. For this purpose, a two-year experiment, of which were consisted three covered ridge widths (R1= 0.5, R2= 0.7, and R3= 0.9 m) and a control treatment, was conducted. The experimental design was completely randomized plots in blocks with three replications. Significantly higher seed yields were obtained from R2 and R3 (202 and 208 kg ha-1) in first year and from R2 (660 kg ha-1) in second year. Although excessive drought conditions were experienced during pumpkin growing period in those years, especially R2 treatment resulted significantly higher yield. Higher plant density in R1 and lower density in R3 negatively affected seed yield especially in water scarce second year. In second year, leaf area, mean fruit weight, fruit yield, seed yield and 1000-seed weight were found higher than ones in first year because of application of nitrogen a whole at sowing. We concluded that RHCR with optimum plant density and proper covered ridge wide, and application whole nitrogen at sowing under rain-fed conditions are effective ways to obtain higher pumpkin production in semiarid regions.
Role of Controlled Atmosphere, Ultra Low Oxygen or Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere Conditions on Quality Characteristics of ‘Scarlet Spur’ Apple Fruit
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) Onursal, Cemile Ebru; Koyuncu, Mehmet Ali; Ziraat Fakültesi
In this study, the effects of three cold storage technologies, (i) controlled atmosphere-CA (CO2 4%, O2 3%), (ii) ultra low oxygen-ULO and (iii) dynamic controlled atmosphere-DCA, were investigated on fruit quality of ‘Scarlet Spur’ apples stored during 10 months plus 7 days of shelf life at 20 °C. After harvest, apples were stored at 0 °C and 90±5% relative humidity during 10 months in CA, ULO (CO2 3%, O2 1%,) and DCA (CO2 1%, O2 0.5%) conditions. HarvestWatch™ sensors were used for assessment of lower oxygen limit (LOL) of fruit during DCA storage. DCA was the best storage condition suppressing ethylene synthesis and respiration rate during storage. The ULO and DCA conditions showed similar results in the maintenance of firmness and TA amount. Weight loss in these conditions was also lower than CA. No significant difference was observed between storage conditions in terms of SSC. DCA technology gave better results in maintaining color of ‘Scarlet Spur’ than other conditions during cold storage. Result showed that; ULO and DCA conditions were more effective in maintaining quality compared to CA in terms of all quality parameters.
Spatial Data Model for Rural Planning and Land Management in Turkey
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2021-09-04) İnan, Halil İbrahim; Ziraat Fakültesi
In Turkey, in the areas of rural planning and land management, problems regarding data retrieval, data quality, implementation scenario and legal base (law or regulation) have long been experienced. In this study, in order to contribute to resolving such problems, a conceptual/semantic data model was designed which focuses on the definition of required data, determination of their basic qualities and also their relations. As the preparation step for the model development, interviews, and discussions with authorized people were carried out. In addition, for the definitions of the data in the model, the Land Parcel Identification System and Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) are considered. For the model design, an object-oriented modelling method with the Unified Modelling Language (UML) notation was used. In the model, planning activities were focused on. It is envisaged that the model will guide work for the preparation of a technical regulation which may enable a standardized implementation throughout Turkey. It has also the potential to be an example for the implementation of laws related to spatial data both in Turkey and also worldwide.

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