Cilt:26 Sayı:02 (2020)

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Browsing Cilt:26 Sayı:02 (2020) by Title

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    Assessment of Irrigation Schemes with Performance Indicators in Southeastern Irrigation District of Turkey
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-04) Kartal, Sinan; Değirmenci, Hasan; Arslan, Fırat; Ziraat Fakültesi
    Water resources are among the most important natural riches of the countries, so this resource must be used correctly and sustainable, especially in the agriculture sector. The Southeastern District of Turkey, has abundant water resources but is known as a region where the problems arising from the excessive use of water. In this study, 5 irrigation schemes (Akçakale, Şanlıurfa, Yaylak Plain, Upper Harran, Bozova) in the Southeastern District of Turkey were chosen as a material to investigate the performance. It is aimed to assess the irrigation schemes in the district with performance indicators used widely by researchers. As an assessment method, ANOVA was used to determine differences of performance indicators among irrigation schemes, multiple regression and correlation were used to explain statistical relation among performance indicators. As a result, irrigation water supplied to users per unit irrigated area (Wirrigated) can be explained with irrigation ratio (Iratio), irrigation water supplied to users per unit command area (Wcommand), relative water supply (Rws) and output per unit irrigation water supplied to users (Owater) (R2= 0.98). In the region, the average Rws was found 2.38 although irrigation methods used by farmers were generally sprinkler. The study also concluded that serious operation, maintenance and management problems exist in the irrigation schemes of the district.
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    Bayesian Network Analysis for the Factors Affecting the 305-day Milk Productivity of Holstein Friesians
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-04) Sevinç, Volkan; Akkuş, Özge; Takma, Çiğdem; Güneri, Öznur İşçi; Ziraat Fakültesi
    The variables affecting the milk productivity have been discussed in various articles through different methods. A recent study using path analysis shows that three variables significantly affect the 305-day milk yield of Holstein Friesian cows. These variables are parity, first calving year and lactation length. Calving season is another variable which appears to be significant in a different study. The aim of this study is to provide a simultaneous multilateral analysis among the milk yield, these three variables and a new variable calving season. The analysis was realized through a Bayesian network built over the findings of the path analysis. 17,109 records of Holstein Friesian cows calved between 2001-2011 years were analyzed. The estimated Bayesian network showed that younger cows produced more milk. Lactation length and parity do not depend on each other. Cows reached their highest amount of milk yield on their 4thparities. Milk yield is mostly affected by lactation length. Finally, first calving year, parity, lactation length and calving season should be considered as criteria in a selection study to increase the milk yield.
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    Determination of the Hydraulic Properties of a Flat Type Drip Emitter using Computational Fluid Dynamics
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-04) Demir, Vedat; Yürdem, Hüseyin; Yazgı, Arzu; Günhan, Tuncay; Ziraat Fakültesi
    The objective of this study was to determine the hydraulic properties of a flat type emitter using Computational Fluid Dynamics with different turbulence models and model options. In addition, it is aimed to investigate the effects of the emitter hydraulic properties on the design when the same emitter is used in drip irrigation pipes with different wall thicknesses. The lowest mean percentage deviation between the measured flow rates and the calculated flow rates with turbulence models was found as 0.70% and 0.74% in the SST k- and Stress-Omega RSM turbulence model for the wall thickness of 0.25 mm pipe, respectively. Also, the mean percentage deviation for the laminar turbulence model was found to be -1.01%. The minimum MAE (0.021 L h-1) and RMSE (0.028 L h-1) values were found in the SST k- low-Re corr. turbulence model and the minimum MAPE (1.068%) was found in the laminar turbulence model.
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    Development of an Automatic System to Detect and Spray Herbicides in Corn Fields
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-04) Karadöl, Hayrettin; Aybek, Ali; Üçgül, Mustafa; Ziraat Fakültesi
    Weed control is vital in agricultural production. Chemical control methods are generally preferred in weed control as they (1) affect quickly and (2) reduce the labour requirement. However, in conventional applications chemicals are generally applied to whole field surface. Therefore, non-targeted areas are also sprayed. This increases 1) amount of herbicide used and (2) risk of off-target chemical movement. In this study, a patch spraying system was developed to automatically detect and spray herbicides on weeds in the corn field based on weed density. In order to determine the weed regions, a digital camera was fitted in front of the tractor. The images taken using the camera were then simultaneously processed using an algorithm written in MatlabTM software. The results of the field study showed that at 4, 6 and 8 km h-1 forward speeds, application volumes decrease by 30.21%, 28.82% and 32.28%, respectively, when it is compared to the conventional application methods. It was also determined that the application accuracy rates were 80%, 81.66% and 75% respectively for 4, 6 and 8 km h-1 speeds.
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    Effects of Herbal Vitamin D3 and Phytase Supplementation to Broiler Feed on Performance, Bone Development and Serum Parameters of Broilers
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-04) Yavaş, İsmail; Çenesiz, Ali Anıl; Ceylan, Necmettin; Ziraat Fakültesi
    A trial was conducted to assess the effects of phytase supplementation and substitute Vitamin D3 resource with Panbonis - a herbal vitamin D3 source- (PAN) on performance, some carcass characteristics, tibia and serum parameters of broiler chickens. For this purpose, 11200 one-day-old, mixed sex (5600 male, 5600 female) Ross-308 chicks were administered 7 different diets based on corn, soybean and wheat throughout the 41-day trial. Dietary treatments; control group as T1 (5000 IU vitamin D3), T2 (T1 + 500 FTU g-1 phytase), T3 (3000 IU vitamin D3 + 500 FTU g-1 phytase + 100 mg kg-1 PAN) and T4 (3000 IU vitamin D3 + 500 FTU g-1 phytase + 200 mg kg-1PAN) were prepared to contain recommended levels of Ca-P however T5, T6 and T7 were formulated from T2, T3 and T4, respectively, by reducing 18% of Ca and P concentrations. When overall results considered, there was no significant difference among treatments in terms of final live weight, mortality, weight gain, European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF) and carcass parameters and mortality (P>0.05). While birds consuming diets containing phytase exhibited better FCR than control group without phytase (P<0.05), no additional improvement was obtained with PAN supplementation compared to other treatments without control group. Additionally partial replacement of PAN for synthetic form had no significant effect on tibia parameters and serum Ca, P levels even though serum Mg (in chicks fed sufficient Ca-P) and calcitriol were increased. These results indicate that PAN could replace some part of synthetic vitamin D3 without any adverse effect in broiler chickens. However, substitution rate of PAN in Ca and P deficient diets should be carefully studied more due to possible adverse effects on feed intake (12-41d) and weight gain (12-41d) as observed in the present study.
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    Efficacy of Native Entomopathogenic Nematodes on the Larvae of Tomato Leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-04) Gözel, Çiğdem; Kasap, İsmail; Gözel, İbrahim; Ziraat Fakültesi
    This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of native entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs); Steinernema affine 46 (Bovien, 1937), S. feltiae 879 (Filipjev, 1934), S. carpocapsae 1133 (Weiser, 1955) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora 1144 (Poinar, 1976) on the larvae of tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). Bioassays were conducted in the laboratory at four different temperatures (10, 15, 20 and 25±1 oC) in the plates and 30 infective juveniles (IJs) were inoculated to a single T. absoluta larva for each nematode species. After nematode inoculation, larvae were checked on the 3rd, 5th, 7th days and mortalities were recorded. All nematode species used in the study showed the lowest efficacy on the 3rd control day at 10 oC and the highest efficacy on the 7th day at 25 oC. S. feltiae 879 was found as the most efficient species with the highest mortality (91.67%) among EPNs used in the study. The results proved that T. absoluta larvae are highly susceptible to EPNs and the control of the pest by EPNs on this stage is successful.
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    Eggshell Water Vapor Conductance and Shell Structural Characteristics of Broiler Breeder in Different Flock Ages
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-04) Şahan, Ümran; Sabah, Saliha; Sözcü, Arda; Ziraat Fakültesi
    The aim of the study was to investigate eggshell traits; including eggshell water vapor conductance, eggshell thickness, pore density, egg weight loss as well as eggshell surface area and volume in 28 and 40 week-old broiler breeders. Furthermore, the phenotypic correlations among the eggshell characteristics were determined. The eggs were ranged from 54.41 g to 60.78 g and 54.71 g to 60.62 g in 28 and 40 wk-old age groups, respectively. All eggs were weighed and numbered before setting and were monitored individually until the end of the incubation. Mean eggshell water vapor conductance (G) value was 11.00±1.01 mg H2O day-1 torr-1 in 28 wk-old flock and 11.99±1.28 mg H2O day-1 torr-1 in 40 wk-old flock respectively (P<0.05). The mean value of shell thickness and pore density mean along with the two regions (broad end and equator) were higher and significant in 28 wk-old flock (P<0.01). Egg weight loss was not found to be significant. Surface area was higher in 40 wk-old flock while as volume was higher in 28 wk-old flocks (P<0.01). There was no correlation between eggshell thickness and pore density. Both eggshell thickness and pore density were having significant positive correlation along with three eggshell regions in each flock ages (P<0.01).
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    Mite Diversity (Acari) from Ornamental Plants in Erzurum in Turkey
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-04) Cobanoğlu, Sultan; Akçakoyunluoğlu, Ayça; Çalmaşur, Önder; Ziraat Fakültesi
    Mite species belongs to Tetraychychidae (3); Tenupalpidae (2), Stigmaeidae (1), Tydeiidae (2), (Acari: Prostigmata); Phytoseiidae (10) (Acari: Mesostigmata) and Acaridae (1) (Astigmata) were identified on woody ornamental plants and shrubs in Erzurum (Eastern part of Turkey). The samples were collected from Erzurum (Centrum, Pasinler, Köprüköy, Horasan, Aziziye-Ilıca, Aşkale, Tortum, Uzundere and Çat districts) with a weekly interval between April to October during 2015 and 2016. Five species were phytophagous mites (belong to Tenuipalpidae and Tetranychidae), while the others are considered as predators or feed on microorganisms, neutral in their habitats. Nineteen mite species representing in three orders: Amblyseius andersoni (Chant), Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans), Euseius finlandicus (Oudemans), Typlodromus cotoneastri (Wainstein), Neoseiulus astutus (Beglyarov), Phytoseius finitimus Ribaga, Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) kerkirae Swirski and Ragusa, Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) recki (Wainstein), Paraseiulus soleiger (Ribaga), Neoseiulella tiliarum (Oudemans), Zetzellia mali (Ewing), Tydeus kochi Oudemans, Tydeus californicus (Banks), Tetranychus urticae Koch, Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten), Bryobia praetiosa Koch, Cenopalpus pulcher (Canestini & Fanzago) Brevipalpus californicus (Banks), Tyrophagus putrescentiae. These results showed that Erzurum has rich biodiversity especially concerning predatory mite fauna. T. urticae (Schrank), was the most abundant and common phytophagous species (53.11%) while some other species were represented only one specimen (Neoseiulus astutus (Beglyarov) (Phytoseiidae). Most preferred hosts plants were Philadelphus coronarius L. (Hydrangeaceae) (8), Malus coronaria L. (Rosaceae) (7) and Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae) (6) while Syringa vulgaris L. (Oleaceae), Salix sp. (Salicaceae) and Rosa pisiformis (Christ) (Rosaceae) were populated by only (2) and (1) mite species respectively.
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    Observation of Weed Species, Frequency and Density in Common Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Fields of Diyarbakir, Turkey: A Case Study
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-04) Pala, Fırat; Ziraat Fakültesi
    The weed species in the common barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) fields in the Diyarbakir were observed with this study. For this purpose, 50 quadrats of 1m by 1m (1 m-2) were randomly placed and examined at each study site. In every set of the quadrat, frequency and density were observed throughout the cropping season of 2015-2016. During the course of field study 72 weed species belonging to 21 families, 13 grasses, 59 broadleaves were recorded. The common families were Asteraceae and Poaceae in the common barley fields. The encounter frequency of weeds was determined by observing 80% wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L., 80%), animated oat (Avena sterilis L., 63%), common wild oat (Avena fatua L., 54%), corn buttercup (Ranunculus arvensis L., 54%), corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L., 52%), creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., 51%), volunteer lentils (Lens culinaris Medik., 51%). Wild mustard, which had the highest frequency was also the densest weed species (5.18 plant m-2), and other species such as animated oat (4.33 plant m-2), creeping thistle (1.77 plant m-2), common wild oat (1.72 plant m-2), corn buttercup (1.47 plant m-2), cleavers (1.38 plant m-2), corn poppy (1.22 plant m-2), volunteer lentils (1.07 plant m-2) were important species at all the observed fields. It was observed that the great infestation was shown by broadleaf weeds due to the lack of effective weed control in the barley areas.
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    The Effect of Glyphosate on Anatomical and Physiological Features of Alfalfa Infested with Field Dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.)
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-04) KRSMANOVİC, Marija Saric; Uludağ, Ahmet; BOZIC, Dragana; Ziraat Fakültesi
    Field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) is a very harmful parasitic weed species worldwide which infests many crops, including alfalfa as a foremost forage crop. Glyphosate has been an effective herbicide for field dodder control even though side effects occasionally occur in alfalfa plants. To find out and quantify the effects of glyphosate (288 and 360 g a.i. ha-1) on field dodder control, alfalfa forage yield, and physiological and anatomical features of alfalfa plants under controlled conditions were aims of the study. Physiologic (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total carotenoids); and anatomic parameters were measured. Leaf anatomic parameters were thicknesses of upper epidermis, palisade and spongy tissues, mesophyll and underside leaf epidermis, and diameter of bundle sheath cells. Stem anatomic parameters were thicknesses of epidermis and cortex, and diameters of stem and central cylinder (pith). Both rates of glyphosate caused recovery of the harmful effects of field dodder on alfalfa, which shows that glyphosate can control field dodder at early stages of infestation on alfalfa.
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    The Influence of Irrigation Water Salinity and Humic Acid on Nutrient Contents of Onion (Allium cepa L.)
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-04) Turhan, Ahmet; Aşık, Bülent B.; Kuşçu, Hayrettin; Ziraat Fakültesi
    Humic acid (HA) efficiently enhances the uptake of nutrients of plants, especially on saline soil. In this study, some nutrient contents of onion in response to salinity and HA application were investigated, and effects of HA application on salinity resistance was evaluated. Research plots were established as a randomized factorial design with four replications on a lysimeter and each replication included 10 plants. Plants in the lysimeters were irrigated with tap water (control, EC: 0.3 dS m-1) and four different doses of salinized water (EC: 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m-1). The HA (0 and 1.0 g kg-1) was applied to the soil and mixed with the soil before planting. Increasing the levels of irrigation salinity decreased contents of K, Ca, N, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and B in onion bulbs; increased contents of Na, Cl and Mn. However, the highest content of K, Ca, and N in the bulbs were obtained by HA application under different salinity levels. Similarly, the soil application of HA positively was affected the P, Mg, Fe, Zn, B contents of the bulbs. While contents of Na, Mn, and Cu were not affected by soil application, Cl was decreased. The results showed that application of HA could partially reduce the harmful effects of salt, so HA can be used as an alternative method to improve product performance in saline conditions.
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    The Response of Braeburn Apple to Regulated Deficit Irrigation
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-04) Küçükyumuk, Cenk; Yıldız, Halit; Meriç, M. Kamil; Ziraat Fakültesi
    Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) is one of deficit irrigation (DI) techniques and it is developed to minimize irrigation inputs in fruit production, especially in areas where water resources are limited, is recommended for saving irrigation water in agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effects of deficit irrigation treatments applied in different growth periods on plant water consumption, water yield relations, stomatal conductance and yield of Braeburn apple variety (grafted on M9 rootstock). Experiments were conducted in the years 2010, 2011, and 2012 at Fruit Research Institute, Eğirdir, Isparta, Turkey. Six different irrigation treatments were applied as I1; non-deficit irrigation program, I2; continuous deficit irrigation program (CDI), I3; deficit irrigation program between the 40th and 70th days after full bloom (DAFB), I4; deficit irrigation program between the 70th and 100th DAFB, I5; deficit irrigation program between the 100th and 130th DAFB and I6; deficit irrigation program between the 130th and 160th DAFB. The highest yield (55.2, 54.1 and 63.8 t ha-1 in 2010, 2011 and 2012 respectively) and water use efficiency (WUE) (0.130, 0.129 and 0.137 t ha-1 mm-1 in 2010, 2011 and 2012) values were obtained from I3 treatment in all short-term deficit irrigation treatments. The stomatal conductance values decreased during the short-term deficit irrigation treatments, but the values increased following the deficit irrigation periods. The results revealed that apple trees grafted on M9 rootstock were influenced by short-term water stress, but they were able to cope with stress after the deficit periods. In all deficit irrigation treatments, yield response factor (Ky) ranged from 0.77 to 2.11 Apple tree yield was less sensitive to water deficit in I3 compared to other treatments. Therefore I3 treatment was found to be applicable in case of scarce water resources since it ensured water saving.
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    Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) caudiglans (Schuster) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), The New Record for the Predatory Mite Fauna of Turkey in Erzurum
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-04) Cobanoğlu, Sultan; Akçakoyunluoğlu, Kübra; Çalmaşur, Önder; Ziraat Fakültesi
    Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) caudiglans (Schuster) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was collected from Hippophae salicifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae) leaves in Erzurum during the years 2015-2016. T. (A.) caudiglans is a predatory mite lives on ornamental plants. The samples were extracted by Berlese funnel and cleared in Lacto-phenol solution after that mounted in Hoyer solution. The samples were deposited in the mite collection at Ankara University and Atatürk University Plant Protection Department of Turkey. This is the first record of T. (A.) caudiglans for Phytoseiidae fauna of Turkey. Re-description and illustration of the new record is given.
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    Use of Super Absorbent Polymers with Euonymus Plants (Euonymus japonicus ‘Aureomarginatus’) in Ornamental Plant Cultivation
    (Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-04) Karagöz, İdris; Yücel, Gül; Ziraat Fakültesi
    In this study, the usability of super absorbent polymers (SAP) and its effects on water consumption, irrigation and labor costs and plant growth in ornamental plant cultivation were investigated by using Euonymus japonicus 'Aureomarginatus,' peat, river sand, and Wesoorb branded SAP. For a period of 152 days, the growth of the control groups without SAP and experimental groups with SAP was monitored, and the obtained results were compared. It was determined that SAP balanced the moisture of the medium with a controlled release and decreased the water stress in the plant and differentiated the root structure. The use of SAP in Euonymus japonicus ‘Aureomarginatus’ cultivation reduced water use by 45% on average and labor costs by 48% on average. It was observed that SAP can be used in ornamental plant cultivation and will decrease production costs.