Cilt:28 Sayı:01 (2022)

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https://dspace.ankara.edu.tr/handle/20.500.12575/83928

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Cooling Potential of Bin Stored Wheat by Summer and Autumn Aeration
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Beyaz, Abdullah; Moueddeb, Khaled El; Tarım Makineleri ve Teknolojileri Mühendisliği; Ziraat Fakültesi
A one-dimensional mathematical model based on the formulation of mass and energy balance in stored grain was used to simulate grains storage conditions. The objective of such simulations was to produce grain ventilation strategies. The model was validated using data obtained from the monitoring of wheat stored in a galvanized steel cylindrical tank with corrugated conical bottom ventilated by perforated distribution pipes. A control strategy based on night time aeration from July to November followed by day time aeration for December to January was applied. Good agreement between the predicted and measured storage conditions has been observed (R2= 0.9698, S.E.= 1.479 °C in average temperature and R2= 0.99, S.E.= 0.00079 kg kg-1for moisture content). Night time grain aeration provided sufficient cooling (temperature near 10 °C in November). However, an 18% grain humidification process was induced. Day time aeration started at the end of November corrected this humidification effect for a grain temperature of 15 °C and a grain moisture content of 15% on dry basis.
Pit-1 Gene Polymorphisms in Anatolian Black, Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss and Simmental Cattle Reared in Turkey
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Aytekin, İbrahim; Fadhıl, Marwan; Other; Other
The aim of this study is to determine the genetic variation of the Pit 1 gene and comparison polymorphisms between four cattle breeds (Anatolian Black, Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss, and Simmental). A total of two hundred animals were used for this purpose in four different cattle breeds, each with 50 heads. Genetic variations between breeds were identified via RFLP method by PCR. The allele frequency A and B for Anatolian Black, Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss, and Simmental was 0.260, 0.740; 0.320, 0.680; 0.100, 0.900; 0.230, 0.770 respectively. While the genotype frequency AA, AB and BB for Anatolian Black, Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss, and Simmental was 0.10, 0.32 and 0.62; 0.10, 0.44 and 0.46; 0.00, 0.20 and 0.80; 0.10, 0.26 and 0.64 respectively. According to the chi-square test, all breeds were found to be in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05). As a result, it can be said that with a more comprehensive study that will include economic traits in these breeds, revealing association analyses would be more informative in the future.
Five new records of eriophyid mites (Acari: Eriophyoidea) from herbaceous plants and fruit trees in Van province, Turkey
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Çobanoğlu, Sultan; Denizhan, Evsel; Çakmak, İbrahim; Bitki Koruma; Ziraat Fakültesi
Five species of eriophyoid mites were detected as new records for the mite fauna of Turkey. The samples were collected on herbaceous plants and fruit trees in Bahçesaray, Edremit, İskele and Akdamar island of Van province, Turkey between 2014 and 2016. The identified eriophyid species are Aceria camdeboo (Meyer, 1981) on Celtis sp. (Cannabaceae); A. trifolii (Nalepa, 1892) on Vicia biennis L. (Fabaceae), Aculus parakarensis (Bagdasarian, 1972) on Amygdalus communis L. (Rosaceae), Leipothrix moraceus (Castagnoli, 1980) on Morus alba L. (Moraceae) and Phyllocoptes obtusus (Nalepa, 1891) on Salvia sp. (Lamiaceae). The species are depicted, measured and information on their hosts, damage symptoms and geographical distribution are given.
Effects of Two Different Isolates of Entomopathogen Fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin on Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Berber, Gizem; Birgücü, Ali Kemal; Other; Other
The study aimed to determine the effectivity of LD.2016 and M6-4 isolates of entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana on Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In this context, the doses of 106, 107 and 108 conidia mL-1 for isolates were used. Experiments for each dose and a control group were set up to be 50 repeats. As a result of the analysis, the rm values of the individuals exposed to 106, 107 and 108 conidia mL-1 doses were calculated as 0.340, 0.352 and 0.337 females/female/day, respectively for the LD.2016 isolate, and 0.292, 0.263 and 0.268 females/female/day, respectively for the M6-4 isolate. The value was 0.280 females/female/day for the control group. By increased dose, the values of lx and mx parameters were decreased, too. Besides, the Weibull and Enkegaard models were applied on the lx and mx values of the populations exposed to entomopathogen isolates. Consequently, it is thought that the isolates of entomopathogen B. bassiana, less harmful to humans and the environment, can be used as a biological control agent in an integrated pest management program for the controlling of the pest.
In vitro Regeneration Studies of Vuralia turcica Using Unpollinated Ovaries
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Tekdal, Dilek; Other; Other
Vuralia turcica is an endemic plant species with a polycarpellary gynoecium and has the ability to survive in salt stress. However, the maintenance of this species is currently challenging because of climatic changes in the plant’s habitat, intensive agricultural purposes, grazing, and the like. Gynogenesis is a promising method for micropropagation and a useful technic for genetic engineering. The objective of this study was to analyze the gynogenesis of V. turcica. The experiments described here were implemented during the flowering time of V. turcica (spring) using unpollinated ovaries. Modified MS and B5 induction media and different plant growth regulators (BAP, GA3, 2,4-D, and KIN) were compared. The comparison of both media (MS and B5) showed that MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D and KIN was the best medium for in vitro unfertilized ovary culture and gave the best result of regenerated plants per 30 ovaries, and 92% callus was obtained. Only the control groups showed very low scores or no plants. From plant regeneration and subcultures, a total of 60 plants were produced, all green. These results are of interest to the in vitro conservation of endangered plant species like V. turcica.
Effects on Performance, Egg Quality Criteria and Cholesterol Level of Adding Different Ratios Flaxseed Oil Instead of Sunflower Oil to Compound Feed of Laying Hens
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Altaçlı, Selçuk; Bingöl, Tuğba; Deniz, Suphi; Bolat, Duran; Kale, Çağri; Özkan, Fatma; Other; Other
This study was conducted to examine the effect on performance, egg quality criteria and egg cholesterol level of adding different ratios of flaxseed oil instead of sunflower oil to the compound feed of laying hens. A total of 210, 30-week old Lohmann LSL laying hens were acquired for the study. The study groups consisted of a control group (5% sunflower oil (SO) + 0% flaxseed oil (FO) and trial 1 (4% SO + 1% FO), trial 2 (3% SO + 2% FO), trial 3 (2% SO + 3% FO), trial 4 (1% SO + 4% FO) and trial 5 (0% SO + 5% FO) groups. The study lasted for 8 weeks. The feed consumption was not different among the experimental groups. Feed utilization rate was higher in group 2 compared to those of other between 0-8 weeks (P<0.001). Between weeks 0 to 8, all trial groups were found have significantly higher levels of linoleic acid, one of the fatty acids found in yolk, compared to the control group (P<0.001). Additives were not found to affects levels of cholesterol in yolk, with no significant differences found between groups. In short, sunflower oil and flaxseed oil added to laying hen rations did not create any differences in terms of egg quality criteria or egg cholesterol levels, but higher levels of flaxseed oil added to the rations resulted in linearly higher levels of linolenic acid content of yolk, and use of the two oil additives together increased egg yields.
Effects of Different Milk-Tube Guidance Settings and Teat-Cup Types on the Dynamics of Teat-End Vacuum and Vacuum Fluctuations During Machine Milking
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Öz, Hülya; Thiele, Philipp; Ströbel, Ulrich; Değirmencioğlu, Adnan; Öz, Erdal; Other; Other
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of milk tube guidance setting and teat cup type on the dynamics of teat-end vacuum and vacuum fluctuations in quarter individual milking systems. In order to meet this objective, a series of wet tests was conducted in the laboratory. Different teat cups; AMS, BIO and RVS along with the milk tube guidance settings namely; direct tube, half-half tube and Y-piece tube system with varying tube inside diameters were tested at different water flow rates. The data obtained from the wet-test measurements were used to calculate the teat-end vacuum and vacuum fluctuation at the teat-end in b and d- phase. From the study conducted, it was found that the teat-end vacuum in BIO is always between the range of 32 and 42 kPa as recommended by DIN ISO 5707 (2010a) at any flow rate for all three types of connections. The teat-end vacuum for RVS was between 32-42 kPa range if the flow rate varies between 4 and 6 L min-1 for both, the direct and the half-half connection. The Y-piece connection meets DIN ISO 5707 (2010a) requirements once the flow rate changes between 2 and 6 L min-1. The findings about milk tube inside diameter indicated that the use of 14 or 16 mm milk tube diameter for BIO will provide better teat-end vacuum if the recommended value of 10 mm is used. On the other hand, the use of 16 mm milk tube diameter was found to be appropriate for AMS as recommended by the manufacturer. For the RVS, the appropriate milk tube diameter should be 14 mm when statistical differences in b and d-phase are examined from the point of teat-end vacuum and vacuum fluctuations.
Effects of Growing Season and Ripening Stages on Transcription Level of Geranylgeranyl Reductase (OeCHL P) and Some Biochemical Properties in Some Important Olive Cultivars (Olea europaea L.)
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Baysal, Filiz; Küden, Ayzin; İzgü, Tolga; Çetin, Öznur; Other; Other
Transcription level of geranylgeranyl reductase (OeCHL P), and contents of α tocopherol, oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol of seven olive cultivars obtained from Olive Germplasm Collection, Kemalpa s a, İzmir were determined in two ripening stages (green and black fruit) in two consecutive years, 2017 and 2018. Transcription level of OeCHL P was significantly affected by year, ripening stage and cultivar. The highest values were detected in green fruit of Uslu ’ in both years. In comparison to 2017, a significant increase in gene transcription was observed in 2018 independent of cultivar and ripening stage. The highest α tocopherol and oleuropein content were obtained from Girit Zeytini ’. The content of oleuropein decreased with ripening in all cultivars in both years. Tyros ol reached its highest and lowest values in Girit Zeytini ’ at black stage in 2018 and green stage in 2017, respectively. Girit Zeytini ’ stood out for both nutritional value and fruit size. The highest and lowest values of hydroxytyrosol content recorded in Girit Zeytini ’ (2017, black stage) and I zmir Sofralık ’ (2018, green stage), respectively. We also detected positive correlations between OeCHL P relative transcription level and tocopherol, tyrosol contents. Our overall results indicated that olive CHL P plays an important role in regulation of tocopherol synthesis. A direct relationship was determined between OeCHL P and α tocopherol, while there was an indirect link between others. These results revealed that more than one factor could affect the evaluated parameters.
Stabilities of Some Local Pea Lines
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Karayel, Reyhan; Bozoğlu, Hatice; Other; Other
This study was conducted to determine the stabilities and adaptation classes of edible pea lines, which will be cultivated in mild climate regions. Twenty local pea lines selected in previous breeding studies and 6 control varieties were used. The seeds of pea lines were sowed in 4 different locations in 2 sowing times. The experiment was conducted according to the Augmented design. Adaptation classes and stabilities of pea lines and varieties were determined based on fresh pod yield, fresh seed yield and dry seed yield. The mean of fresh pod yield was found as 1185.7 kg da-1. Stable variety was not determined in terms of fresh pod yield among control varieties, which was conducted in the conclusion of evaluation as determining regression coefficient and average reliability. The average of varieties’ fresh seed yield was 693.8 kg da-1, Klein variety showed medium adaptation for all regions. It was found that 3 lines (B15, B33, and B36) among used ones were placed at the same statistically group with this variety. The average of dry seed yield was 267.1 kg da-1 in the experiment, and Klein, Further, Green Pearl, and Lancet varieties were identified as stable varieties in the conclusion of stability analysis. B6, B13, B14, B15, B16, B17, B18, B32, B40 and B42 lines that involved in the same statistically group with these varieties identified were as stable. In the conclusion of the overall evaluation of the experiment, it was found that B6 and B32 lines could be candidates for variety.
Effects of Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Methyl Jasmonate Treatments on Fruit Quality and Bioactive Compounds of Apricot Fruit during Cold Storage
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Aslantürk, Berrak; Altuntaş, Ebubekir; Öztürk, Burhan; Other; Other
The study was carried out to investigate the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) [0.5 and 1.0 mmol L-1] and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) treatments on weight loss, respiration rate, firmness, colour, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity, vitamin C, total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP assay) of apricot fruit (Prunus armeniaca) during cold storage. Fruit were stored at 0±0.5˚C and 90±5% relative humidity (RH) for 20 days, and analysis and measurements were performed at 5-day intervals. At the end of cold storage, the lowest weight loss was determined in fruit stored with the MAP following MeJA1 application. The lowest respiration rates were determined in fruits stored with the MAP following MeJA1 or MeJA2 treatment. The softening of fruit stored without the MAP or MAP was significantly delayed with the MeJA. The fruit stored without the MAP or MAP following MeJA2 treatment had the highest vitamin C at the end of storage period. MAP treatments had greater total phenolic and total flavonoids and antioxidant capacity than the treatment without MAP regardless of MeJA applications. At the end of storage, the highest total phenolic and antioxidant capacity were determined in fruits stored in the MAP following MeJA2 application. It was concluded that MAP and MeJA2 treatments could be used as an efficient postharvest tool to minimize quality losses throughout the cold storage period.
The Effects of Natural Boron Mineral on the Essential Oil Ratio and Components of the Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.)
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Karayel, Hasan Basri; Other; Other
This study was carried out to determine the effects of boron mineral on the essential oil ratio and quality in spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) species. Different boron doses (0, pure and 1/2 dose, 1/8 dose (8 L decare-1)) were applied in this study, but no measurement could be take due to plant death in the pure dose and 1/2 dose. The essential oils of spearmint harvested at two different time were obtained by the method of hydro-distillation. In the analyses by GC_MS/FID (Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry - Flame Ionization Detector), the essential oil ratio based on boron doses was measured as 1.25% for the boron-free condition and 2.22% for the 1/8 dose, the main essential oil components were a total of 35 components in the leaves (without boron), and 29 components for the 1/8 dose. The main essential oil components obtained from the leaves (without boron) were Carvone by 55.12%, Limonene by 9.99%, 1,8-cineole by 8.81% while those for the 1/8 dose were Carvone by 56.02%, Limonene by 14.22%, 1.8-cineole by 6.79% in the first harvest. The essential oil components were found to be rich in terms of terpenes. In this study, which is the first study in which boron mineral was applied to spearmint with the application of boron mineral in solution form, the recommended dose for spearmint was found to be 1/8 boron dose.
Soil Temperature Prediction via Self-Training: Izmir Case
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Tüysüzoğlu, Göksu; Birant, Derya; Kıranoğlu, Volkan; Other; Other
This paper proposes a new model, called Soil Temperature prediction via Self-Training (STST), which successfully estimates the soil temperature at various soil depths by using machine learning methods. The previous studies on soil temperature prediction only use labeled data which is composed of a variable set X and the corresponding target value Y. Unlike the previous studies, our proposed STST method aims to raise the sample size with unlabeled data when the amount of pre-labeled data is scarce to form a model for prediction. In this study, the hourly soil-related data collected by IoT devices (Arduino Mega, Arduino Shield) and some sensors (DS18B20 soil temperature sensor and soil moisture sensor) and meteorological data collected for nearly nine months were taken into consideration for soil temperature estimation for future samples. According to the experimental results, the proposed STST model accurately predicted the values of soil temperature for test cases at the depths of 10, 20 30, 40, and 50 cm. The data was collected for a single soil type under different environmental conditions so that it contains different air temperature, humidity, dew point, pressure, wind speed, wind direction, and ultraviolet index values. Especially, the XGBoost method combined with self-training (ST-XGBoost) obtained the best results at all soil depths (R2 0.905-0.986, MSE 0.385-2.888, and MAPE 3.109%-8.740%). With this study, by detecting how the soil temperature will change in the future, necessary precautions for plant development can be taken earlier and agricultural returns can be obtained beforehand.
Effects of Normal and Nano-Capsulated Thyme and Peppermint Essential Oils on Intestinal Morphology and Microbial Population of Broilers Fed on Standard and Low Crude Protein Diets
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Laleh, Mohammad Reza Alie; Nobakht, Ali; Mehmennevaz, Yusef; Other; Other
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of normal and nano-capsulated forms of thyme and peppermint essential oils on intestinal morphology and microbial population of broilers fed on normal and low crude protein diets. The study was carried out with a total of 320 Ross-308 broiler chickens as a 2×2×2 (2 medicinal plant essential oils, 2 forms of oils and 2 levels of diet crude protein) factorial arrangements with 32 groups (10 chicks per replicate) according to a completely random design. This experiment was done in three periods included: Starter (1-10 days), grower (11-24 days) and finisher (25-42 days). The experimental diets had significant effects on intestinal morphology (P<0.05), so that the use of the usual form of essential oils while reducing the depth of the crypt, increased the ratio of the length of the villa to the depth of the crypt. In use of peppermint essential oil with standard protein, crypt depth increased, and the ratio of villi height to crypt depth was minimal (P<0.05). A decrease in dietary crude protein level reduced the population of lactobacilli in the intestine (P<0.05). However, the level of crude protein in the diet and the form of use of the essential oil, as well as the type of essential oil and its form, did not have significant effects on the intestinal microbial population (P>0.05). Based on the results of this experiment, it can be stated that in broilers, the use of the encapsulated form of thyme essential oil in diets with standard crude protein levels, improved the intestinal morphology and intestinal non-pathogenic microbial population of broilers. Ten percent reduction in dietary crude protein level had adverse effects on measured traits and is not recommended, and in case of reduction of dietary protein, it is necessary to use peppermint essential oils supplements.
Determination of Some Growth and Development Characteristics Between Birth and Twelve Months Age in Yerli Kara Cattle
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Sakar, Çağrı Melikşah; Zulkadir, Uğur; Other; Other
This study was carried out for the purpose of determination of some growth and development characteristics in the period between birth and twelve months of age in Yerli Kara cattle. The animal material of the study was composed of 104 Yerli Kara calves located in Ankara province. In the study, live weight, withers height, rump height, chest girth, body length, chest depth and front wrist girth values at birth were found as 14.85 kg, 58.00 cm, 60.10 cm, 54.41 cm, 49.36 cm, 24.25 cm and 7.40 cm respectively. The same values at the age of three months were found as 49.37 kg, 73.95 cm, 76.84 cm, 83.45 cm, 79.14 cm, 35.45 cm and 9.46 cm respectively. Values at the age of six months in these calves were detected as 81.22 kg, 87.29 cm, 90.35 cm, 99.36 cm, 92.93 cm, 42.79 cm and 10.58 cm respectively. Values at the age of twelve-month were determined as 97.29 kg, 92.15 cm, 95.55 cm, 106.22 cm, 98.07 cm, 45.26 cm and 10.74 cm in the same order. Average daily gains values were found 0.360 kg in the period between birth and 3 months of age, 0.333 kg from 3 to 6 months, and 0.102 kg from 6 to 12 months. The results showed that the body measurements of animals in this study are generally lower than the values reported in literature. Therefore, a selection program considering this fact will be useful for the development of native Yerli Kara cattle maintained at the farm operations of Ankara province.
Determining Factors Affecting Cooperative Membership of the Beekeepers Using Decision Tree Algorithms
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Çukur, Tayfun; Çukur, Figen; Other; Other
Agricultural cooperatives have important contributions to farmers. Thanks to cooperatives, agricultural products are sold at high prices, while agricultural inputs can be purchased at low prices. Cooperatives provide their partners with technical support in product processing, grading, standardization, storage and quality. On the other hand, cooperatives contribute to the sustainability of agricultural activities by providing credit support to their members. The current research was carried out Milas district of Muğla province, which is the center of pine honey production in Turkey. In the current research, a survey was conducted face to face with 62 farmers engaged in beekeeping, and the decision tree model, which is one of the data mining methods, was used in determining the factors that affect the beekeepers' membership in cooperatives. As a result of the statistical analyses conducted, it was concluded that on the cooperative membership of beekeepers, their status of using credit, education level and status of receiving beekeeping supports have a highly significant influence.
Palynological Study on Some Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Cultivars Using Scanning Electron Microscopy
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) İşçi, Burak; Other; Other
Pollen is an important morphological parameter for cultivar identification. This is of great importance in detailed investigations by scanning electron microscope (SEM). In this study, the pollen morphology of selected grape cultivars was examined by SEM. The pollen length, width, P/E ratio of pollen and features of surface were observed. The pollen differed in some microstructural characteristic. Pollen width exhibited significant according to the varieties (10.12-22.44 μm). Similarly, the statistical difference occurred among the thirty Vitis cultivars in terms of mean pollen length (16.26-29.65 μm). Areolat pollen was determined in some cultivars. Depending on the cultivars there was significant differences in terms of pores diameter. According to PCA performed in 30 grape cultivars, 3 principal components were revealed and they defined 94.98% of the variance. Cultivars were divided into groups according to pollen features on the cluster. Consequently, the cultivars were categorized under two main groups. The present research is a contribution to a more detailed analysis of grapevine cultivars.
Biochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Different Types of Tomatoes Affected by Ethylene Treatment
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Erkan, Mustafa; Kurubaş, Mehmet Seçkin; Other; Other
The effect of ethylene on biochemical composition and antioxidant activity in beefsteak, heirloom and cluster type of tomatoes were determined. For that purpose, tomato fruit were harvested at breaker maturity stage and divided into two groups one of which was applied with 150 μL L−1 ethylene while another remained untreated. Ethylene treated and untreated control fruit were stored at 12 °C and 90+5% relative humidity for 35 days with subsamples removed every 7 days for quality analysis. After each removal time, fruit were kept at 20 °C for additional 3 days to determine shelf life performance. Ethylene treatment enhanced the breakdown of total chlorophyll and accumulation of lycopene and carotenoid contents. At the end of cold storage and shelf life period, the maximum antioxidant activity, carotenoid and flavonoid contents were recorded in ethylene treated heirloom type tomatoes. It can be concluded that ethylene treated heirloom type tomatoes exhibited maximal postharvest quality as compared to beefsteak and cluster type of tomato in term of biochemical composition and antioxidant activity after 35 days of cold storage and shelf life.
A GIS Based Land Suitability and Gross Value Evaluation of Mined Lands in Şanlıurfa District
(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022) Çullu, Mehmet Ali; Bilgili, Ali; Almaca, Ahmet; Dikilitaş, Sema Karakaş; Other; Other
Landmined areas are located along the borders of Şanlıurfa province between Turkey and Syria with 220 km length and 400 m width. Governmental institutions attempted to determine the potential and suitability of mined lands for any agricultural activities before removing active mines. The research was conducted to estimate land suitability and gross value for irrigated agricultural production (GVIAP) of the mined areas using the database for the surrounding land and data obtained by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. The study was conducted in three steps; data including soil characteristics, digital elevation model (DEM) and orthophoto images of lands located 2 km nearby the mined land along the Turkish border were collected. The data containing DEM and orthophoto images of mined and adjacent lands were integrated in the second step. Finally, a field survey was conducted along the border district and soil samples were collected for each soil boundary nearby the mined lands. The integration of data in GIS allowed to expand the soil boundaries from adjacent lands into the mined lands. Data analysis showed that the total mined land is 6706 hectares of which 90.2% is highly and moderately suitable, 6.9% is less suitable and 2.9% is not suitable for irrigated agriculture. The gross value of irrigated agricultural production was estimated as 2212 US Dollars per hectare. The results revealed that the integration of inaccessible land database with the remote sensing data and GIS can be used to estimate the gross value which is derived from soil characteristics of the mined lands.

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