Cilt:07 Sayı:02 (2019)
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Item Investigation of The Dynamics of Landscapes on The Basis of Vegetation Indication (Sample Area along Kura River)(Ankara : Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019) Islayilov, Mirnuh; Amanova, Shahnaz; Guliyeva, Ilaha; Fen FakültesiThe dynamics of landscapes in the Kura River, inhabited by highly populated, were studied based on the change in the nature of the surface cover, especially the NDV index. During the study, vegetation was considered as a key indicator. The NDV index was compared with Landsat 5 and 8 satellite data for different years (2002, June 14 and 2019, June 9) and anthropogenic changes were determined. Acquired materials were processed in ArcGIS version 10.3 and maps showing the NDV index for the relevant periods were made by us. In the end, these maps were compared, the areal of the territories reflecting the performance of the index were compared, and the impact of anthropogenic factors on the dynamics of landscapes were analyzed. The study area covers 1,764 km2, extending 255 km along the Kur river. The area extends from Mingachevir reservoir to Carli village of Kurdamir district. The study area is divided into 5 sectors at a distance of 50 km for a clear view of the dynamics of landscapesItem The Role of Anthropogenic Factors in the Transformation of Lankaran Zone Biomes(Ankara : Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019) Ilgar, Yegana Ibadli; Fen FakültesiUnderstanding the nature and the amount of land cover change are important issues among land use planners and environmental scientists, because these changes are one notable source of global environmental problems, with deep and disturbing impacts on ecological, hydrological, soil evolution, and on society at large. These changes usually have an obvious anthropogenic source, but several ecological and geographic variables such as industry, fossil fuels, and transportation also influence the nature and magnitude of these changes. Land transformation, habitat degradation, and fragmentation are typical processes that cause the transformation of biomes in this region. From this perspective, the study of the problem anthropogenic landscape transformation is necessary and practical.Item Second Home Tourism in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey: Development Issue and Mobility Pattern(Ankara : Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019) Somuncu, Mehmet; Okuyucu, Ayşe; Öncü, Merve Altundal; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2402-9134; Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya FakültesiEastern Black Sea Region is one of the most important regions in the development of second home tourism for the mountainous areas in Turkey. There is considerable literature gap on research about second-home tourism in the mountainous areas of Turkey. For this reason, in this study, we aim to determine the development issue and mobility patterns of second home tourism in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. The research population consists of seven provinces located in the Eastern Black Sea region. The sample of the study is thirty highlands in Eastern Black Sea Region. A multistage cluster sampling technique was applied at the sample selection. The primary data were collected by the use of questionnaire surveys conducted with a total of 900 second homeowner selected by convenience sampling during July 2010. A total of 60 digital TIFF format monoscopic aerial photographs were analysed by using Erdas Imagine LPS and ArcGIS 9.3 software for showing the second home increase in the area. At the sampling highlands, 2.830 dwelling units have increased in the last thirty years. According to the questionnaire results of the study, second homeowners generally come to the region in May and June. Most of them leave the area in September. Second homeowners spend mostly 91-120 days in the region. The beautiful landscape and weather conditions are main motivations to acquire a second home from the region. Second-home demand in the region is gradually increasing. Therefore, the determination of main motivation sources for the second home demand and movement pattern towards the second homes provide useful information for planning issues. The study is also a pioneer research about the second homes in the mountainous area at TurkeyItem Paleoclimate of Eastern Black Sea Region in Turkey and The Importance of Glacial Lakes and Their Sediment Record(Ankara : Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019) Şekeryapan, Ceran; Fen FakültesiTo be able to make sustainable management plans we should know previous conditions of any region. Natural archives and their preserved proxies are used to track past environmental and climatic changes in time scales longer than instrumental records. Most of the natural archives that have been used to reveal the past are coming from the central, south central and northwestern Anatolia. However, glacial lakes and their sediment in the northeastern part of Turkey are untapped source of information. Here, I will discuss existing knowledge from different natural archives in Anatolia, and in southern Black Sea coast since the Late Glacial and possible future research questions in northeastern part of Turkey.Item Protected Areas in Azerbaijan: Landscape-Ecological Diversity and Sustainability(Ankara : Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019) Ismayilov, Mirnuh; Jabrayilov, Emil; Fen FakültesiEstablishment of protected areas is one of the most important activities in the conservation of natural resources, biodiversity and gene pools, including, promoting a healthy lifestyle for people in the world. The concept of preserving landscape-ecological diversity and sustainable development promotes the improvement of socio-economic indicators and at the same time ensuring the protection of the environment and ecosystems. The aim of the paper is to examine the relationship between landscape-ecological diversity in protected areas in Azerbaijan and the factors that contribute to this relationship with sustainable development. The article identifies landscape-ecological differences, including the principles and development of protected areas such as National Parks, Nature Reserves and Habitat/Species Management Areas in Azerbaijan. For the first time, a landscape-ecological frame model was developed to ensure environmental balance. A medium-scale digital (1: 600,000) "ecological carcass" map of Azerbaijan has been developed and its structural elements explored. Currently, only 10% of the territory of Azerbaijan are protected areas. Given the anthropogenic pressure on landscapes in Azerbaijan, it has been established that the structure of the territorial organization of protected areas does not comply with existing environmental balance norms. To do this, proposals to increase the area of protected sites to 15% of the country's territory were justified. The current state of use of protected areas in the development of ecotourism has been considered and evaluated as an element of sustainability. Indicators of tourism activity in national parks were analyzed on the basis of statistical sources.Item Clustering the Problems of Sustainable Tourism Development in a Destination: Tsaghveri Resort as A Case(Ankara : Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019) Khelashvili, Ioseb; Khelashvili, Lela; Khokhobaia, Merab; Fen FakültesiOver the last decades, Tourism has become one of the leading industries in Georgia in terms of generating income, compensation of the country’s trade deficit and rising employment of local population. However, tourism lacks development in the mountain region of the country. On-going re-development requires new approaches for the industries’ sustainable development. The purpose of the study is to apply the method of transdisciplinary research to identify interrelated core problems hampering sustainable tourism development. The research employed a case study approach. The method was tested at mountain resort of the Caucasus – Tsaghveri (Borjomi Minicipality). The initial information for the research was collected from the data received in the course of fieldwork organized by Austrian University BOKU and Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University (TSU) in Georgia in July 2018. The study revealed four categories of the destination related problems: leverage, critical, buffering and restricted. The outcome of analysis serves as preliminary information for the problem-solving strategy as well as for making decisions on rational development of destinations. The research gave opportunity to the involved parties to develop skills of participatory research for structuring complex problems. Key words: Sustainable development, Tourism, Problem solving strategy, Transdisciplinarity, Destination planniItem Analyzing Tourism Influence on Agricultural Products’ Market: A Case Study of the Mestia Municipality, Georgia(Ankara : Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019) Sharia, Mariam; Fen FakültesiMestia Municipality is a high mountain district of north-west Georgia, is located in the Greater Caucasus Mountain range. On the one hand, tourism is relatively new and rapidly growing economic activity in Mestia, but on the other, traditional economic activity of the population is agriculture. Analyzing linkages between tourism and agriculture is a vital part of sustainable development process of the municipality. The purpose of this paper is exploring and analyzing links between of tourism and changed/diversified agricultural market in Mestia municipality. The paper applies a triangulation method – qualitative in-depth interviews and desk research. MAXQDA is used for data processing. In-depth interviews were conducted with two targeted group: 1) Representatives of local community-driven economic activities; 2) Representatives of the tourism industry who operate in Mestia municipality. In total, 59 interviews were collected. The fieldwork revealed three main tendencies: 1) Tourism has impact on agricultural product’s market in Mestia municipality. Agricultural products were sold mainly outside municipality before developing tourism. Now, tourism has created a great chance to realize productions inside region.2) With the development of tourism, agricultural cultivated lands are decreasing in Mestia. 3) Rural tourism is emerging in the villages of Mestia Municipality.Item Some Demographic Trends in Borderline Regions of East Caucasus Mountains (Georgia)(Ankara : Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019) Tsitsagi, Mariam; Kvirkvelia, Nana; Fen FakültesiIt is known that demographic trends in Georgia has been drastically changing in recent decades. Particular attention is drawn to the mountainous regions. Borderline regions of east Caucasus Mountains (Khevi, Khevsureti and Tusheti) are facing many demographic challenges that are developed by the various environmental, social and economic circumstances such as complicated terrain, climate, migration, low birth rate, unemployment, insufficient communication. The purpose of the study is to process and analyze the statistical data of the census materials (1989, 2002, 2014) available in the study area (in the border regions of Eastern Georgia - Khevi, Khevsureti, Tusheti); Identifying existing some demographic trends based on these materials; Identifying the causes of negative demographic processes; Develop recommendations to address the demographic problems identified in the study; The study area includes 148 settlements of present day Stepantsminda, Dusheti and Akhmeta municipalities. National Statistics Office of Georgia (GEOSTAT) is the main source of the statistical data (three national censuses: 1989, 2002, 2014) used in the paper. In addition, the outcomes of the field works conducted in 2015 were also used. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) was used for spatial and temporal analyses of the demographic changes and future trends. The dramatic demographic trends were observed in the study area. This investigation has demonstrated that the situation between these three regions is clearly different from each other. In spite of relatively similar environment, the comparatively better demographic situation is in Khevi, which could be explained by the fact that the Military Road of Georgia goes through here. The results include the similarities as well as differences among the study regions. We summarized these patterns in the paper below. This framework can be used to evaluate demographic trends in the borderline regions of east Caucasus Mountains and answer above mentioned questions.Item The Impact of Trophic Status and Climate Change on the Benthic Community in Lake Sevan, Armenia(Ankara : Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019) Jenderedjian, Karen; Hakobyan, Susanna; Demyan, M. Scott; Fen FakültesiArtificial water level drop and eutrophication radically changed the ecosystem of Lake Sevan. During 1928-2018 the Values of Primary Production of the Lake (VPPL = phytoplankton production + phytobenthos production) and varied energy equivalent of biomass (BZ) and gross production (PZ) of zoobenthos varied by a factor of 10 or more. Strong positive dependencies of both BZ and PZ on VPPL were found. Similar dependencies were also revealed separately for Chironomidae, Oligochaeta and detritivores. Regression equations of dependencies were then used to estimate the development of zoobenthos under different trophic conditions: oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic. Significant climate change was observed over the past 80 years. From 1935–2012, the annual mean temperature in Armenia increased by 1.03°C. The climate change projections for Lake Sevan are an increase of mean annual water temperature of 0.5°C by 2030, 2°C by 2070 and 4°C by 2100 against the baseline of 9.1°C. Observations showed that in Lake Sevan an order of magnitude increase of VPPL results in an increase of the gross production of macrozoobenthos by factor of 7. Meanwhile, a 4°C temperature increase is estimated to increase the rate of zoobenthos production (PZ/BZ) only by a factor of 2. Therefore, the most effective measure required for the mitigation of climate change effects on the Lake Sevan ecosystem is keeping the trophic status of the lake as low as possible, and should include: - runoff prevention of of organic materials from agricultural, industrial and domestic origins into Lake Sevan; - prohibition of any activity that involves the use of organic phosphorus and organic nitrogen directly in the lake.Item Modeling of Stochastic Process of Implementation of Various Combinations of Dangerous Meteorological Phenomena in the Mountains of the Caucasus(Ankara : Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019) Elizbarashvili, Mariam; Elizbarashvili, Elizbar; Fen Fakültesi: The mountainous regions of Caucasus are characterized by the exceptional variety of dangerous meteorological phenomena that often cause significant material damage and human losses. These dangerous meteorological phenomena often occur simultaneously and exacerbate the situation. For example, increased wind during heavy rains, fog during snowstorms, hurricanes with hail, etc. To reduce the negative effects of such phenomena, it is necessary to know their probabilistic characteristics in given area. These meteorological phenomena are independent of each other, therefore the physical process of their occurrence has stochastic nature and it can be investigated as a random process based on the well-known probability theorems of multiplication and addition. Using these theorems, the stochastic process of realizing various combinations of dangerous meteorological phenomena in the Caucasus Mountains is modeled. For the Caucasus Mountains, the most likely is the implementation of snowstorm, hurricane wind or hail in combination with dangerous fog. The occurrence probabilities of one of the complex events, probability of the joint implementation of complex of both events and the periods of risk recurrence are identified. Key words: Meteorological Phenomena,Item Southern Caucasian Students’ Perceptions of Turkey and Turkish People(Ankara : Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019) Bozkuş, Yıldız Deveci; Arı, Eda Bekçi; Siyasal Bilgiler FakültesiThis study aims to measure and analyze the perceptions and attitudes of South Caucasian students, who have been educating in Turkish higher education institutions, on Turkey before and after their arrival in Turkey within the framework of the “soft power” mentality, that Turkey has recently opted for. Via the survey establishing the core of this study, it is intended to measure whether there is a change of perception on Turkey before and after the students’ arrival in Turkey, and if there is a change of perception, this study tries to understand the direction of it. Moreover, this study also targets to put forward the common values between Turkey and South Caucasian countries, as well as to advise on what can be done to develop cooperation in the field of education and to strengthen the cultural ties and, additionally, social memory among regional countries. In other words, this study intends to put forward whether the South Caucasian students’ perception of Turkey has progressively developed during their stay in TurkeyItem İklim değişikliğinin ve iklim değişikliğiyle ilgili küresel Anlaşmaların çevre etiği bakımından değerlendirilmesi(Ankara : Ankara Üniversitesi, 2019) İğci, Tijen; Çobanoğlu, Nesrin; Sosyal Bilimler EnstitüsüBu çalışmada temel olarak iklim değişikliği ve ilgili küresel düzenlemeler çevre etiği bağlamında irdelenmektedir. Çalışmanın öncelikli konularını çevre bilinci ve çevre etiği, iklim değişikliği sorunsalı, Birleşmiş Milletler nezdinde kabul edilen uluslararası iklim anlaşmaları ve iklim etiği oluşturmaktadır. Küresel düzeyde uygulanan düzenlemeler çevre etiği yaklaşımları bakımından incelendiğinde ise, BMİDÇS, Kyoto Protokolü ve Paris Anlaşması’nın insanmerkezci bir yaklaşımla hazırlandığı konusunda geniş kapsamlı bir mutabakatın olduğu görülmektedir. Diğer taraftan, iklim değişikliği sorunsalının “kendine özgü” niteliklerini de kullanarak münhasır bir alan olarak ortaya çıkan iklim etiği iklim değişikliği-etik ilişkisinin daha derin bir biçimde incelenmesini sağlamaktadır. Hâkim değer sistemi insan kaynaklı iklim değişikliği gibi küresel çevre sorunları hakkında düşüncelere yön vermek açısından uygun ve yeterli değildir. Bu kapsamda, iklim değişikliğinde kuşaklar arası adalet gibi ciddi bir sorunun çözümü için daha yüksek ahlaki standartlar ve normlar gerekmektedir.